Jenny Chio
Racializing Bodies in “Natural” Space: Dhunkar Kyab’s The Tourists (2011)
Across China, tourism development is often marked by the visible spectacle of newly built environments. But what about tourism in places that are “natural” spaces? This article explores the conjuncture of space, race, and mobility in the (now closed) Nyanpo Yutse Scenic Area, Qinghai, through an analysis of The Tourists (2011, dir. Dhunkar Kyab). Through its depiction of the people who move—by car, by foot, and by horse—through the scenic area and the negotiations that ensue between them, the film illuminates how the physical and emotional experiences of being and moving in nature produce racialized bodies in China’s tourism. Tourism in this region capitalized on the spectacular landscape of wilderness, water, and mountains. I argue that the space in which different tourism mobilities encounter each other contributes to the racialization of Tibetan and Chinese people precisely because the human experience of natural space becomes perceived as vastly incongruent. These incommensurable experiences of nature are mediated through the economy of tourism, but this, I conclude, only further evidences the ideology of absolute difference at the heart of racializing processes.
Laurent Chircop-Reyes
Walking the Loess and the Steppe: an Ethnographic Perspective on Caravan and Armed Escort Practices (Late Qing Period)
This article examines forms of mobility practiced by Han caravanners across North China and the Mongolian steppe during the late Qing period. Moving beyond binary distinctions between nomadic and sedentary groups, it approaches caravan travel as a situated and embodied practice shaped by itinerancy, temporary anchoring, and locally grounded knowledge. Drawing mainly on vernacular narratives and fieldwork interviews with descendants of martial arts masters connected to caravan communities, the essay adopts an ethnographic perspective attentive to rhythms of movement, spatial sequences, and the roles of often-overlooked actors such as cameleers and armed escorts. Rather than reconstructing a comprehensive history of caravan trade, the article explores what movement on foot may have entailed under pre-industrial conditions. Comparative references to Saharan, Andean, and European travel accounts are used heuristically to reflect on broader dynamics of caravan mobility and to reconsider walking as a historically situated social practice.
Katarzyna Golik
Is the “End of Nomadism” also an End of Spatial Mobility? A Case Study of Urbanised Post-Nomads in an Inner Mongolian Town
This paper explores the contemporary spatial mobility of recently urbanised post-nomads in Hölön Buir area in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The fieldwork was conducted in the multi-ethnic Evenki Autonomous Banner where various “minority nationalities” live. This case study offers a glimpse into one of the last stages of the nomadism decline and exemplifies the issue of sedentarisation and urbanization in the margins of China. The main question of this paper is: does the decline of a traditional nomadic lifestyle put an end to cultural habits of mobility ?
Élisabeth Lalou
Nomadism and Itinerancy
What resonance do the six articles in this volume have in medieval Europe for a 21st-century medievalist? Is it possible to draw parallels between the nomads on the borders of China and pastoralism in Europe, as represented by the Mestà trails in Spain and the transhumance that is still practiced today? How can we understand the itinerancy of European sovereigns in comparison to that of 13th-century Chinese emperors? Are the relationships between the ruling powers and the nomadic populations of the same nature? Finally, how does death—which is necessarily sedentary—nevertheless involve elements of mobility? A few ideas, among many others, are discussed here.
Chiara Lepri
Reframing Pilgrimage: Mobility, Identity, and Cultural Negotiation in Sonthar Gyal’s Ala Changso
This article examines the film Ala Changso (2018) by Tibetan director Sonthar Gyal (ཟོན་ཐར་རྒྱལ།, Song Taijia 松太螜) as a case study in biographical, cultural, and affective mobility. Drawing on mobility studies and film studies, the paper first explores the director’s trajectory—from his seminomadic upbringing in Qinghai province to formal cinematic training and international recognition—as an instance of person-based mobility within and beyond Chinese institutional cinema. It then turns to the film itself, which portrays the pilgrimage of a terminally ill woman across the Tibetan plateau. Initially rooted in religious devotion, the journey gradually shifts toward themes of familial care and emotional continuity. Through visual motifs such as prostration, landscape, and kinship, Ala Changso redefines mobility as an embodied and intersubjective act. The film demystifies spiritual journeys, framing them as practices of memory, resilience, and relational ethics. Together, Sonthar Gyal’s career and his film exemplify the evolving space for ethnically Tibetan filmmakers working within the People’s Republic of China, showing how local cultural perspectives meaningfully shape both national and transnational cinematic narratives.
Gideon Shelach-Lavi, Johannes S. Lotze, and Zhidong Zhang
Mobility and Efforts to Reduce Mobility in North China and Mongolia During the Kitan Liao and Jurchen Jin Period (916–1234)
This paper addresses mobility as a political and social instrument applied by the Liao (916–1125) and Jin (1115–1234) dynasties. These two “hybrid” empires, established by people with nomadic or semi-nomadic traditions, used institutionalized mobility as a way to boost their dynastic identity and project their authority. At the core of this paper lies the question of why these specific dynasties, known for their efforts to retain and promote certain forms of mobility, also constructed large-scale long walls, ditches, and forts—structures that we collectively refer to as the Medieval Wall System (MWS)—which may be seen as mobility-reducing. Our analysis of the archaeological and historical sources aims to improve understanding of the process and objectives of border demarcation and fortification during this period. It suggests that the Liao and Jin wall and trench lines were not build to stop large-scale invading armies. Rather, their main aim was to control and regulate the movement of people, including “tribes” that occupied the imperial periphery, and their herds. In this respect, both mobility-encouraging and mobility-discouraging policies implemented a typical approach in nomadic culture: the control of people rather than territory.
Lia Wei
Funerary Itineraries and Itinerant Stonemasons along the Upper Yangzi: Rock-cut Burials as a Form of Opportunistic Monumentality
This paper explores how builders of rock-cut tombs used the Upper Yangzi region’s distinctive geomorphology and hydrology to both symbolize and physically demarcate relationships and boundaries between the living and the dead. Ethnographic analogies with cliff burials practiced in the wider Southeast Asian region, suggest that this funerary practice functioned as an expression of group identity among populations occupying the passes and tributaries of a carefully managed fluvial environment. An experimental reconstruction of a cave shows that these landscape markers could be produced with relatively little labor and specialized skill, shedding light on the mobility of stonemasons and transmission of the stoneworking tradition. By comparing earlier and later cliff-burial forms, including examples of wooden coffins suspended on riverine cliffs that produce a dramatic visual impact without extensive stoneworking, we consider the persistence of these locational strategies and the associated environmental imagination in the region.