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webbrowser.py
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#! /usr/bin/python3.12 """Interfaces for launching and remotely controlling web browsers.""" # Maintained by Georg Brandl. import os import shlex import shutil import sys import subprocess import threading import warnings __all__ = ["Error", "open", "open_new", "open_new_tab", "get", "register"] class Error(Exception): pass _lock = threading.RLock() _browsers = {} # Dictionary of available browser controllers _tryorder = None # Preference order of available browsers _os_preferred_browser = None # The preferred browser def register(name, klass, instance=None, *, preferred=False): """Register a browser connector.""" with _lock: if _tryorder is None: register_standard_browsers() _browsers[name.lower()] = [klass, instance] # Preferred browsers go to the front of the list. # Need to match to the default browser returned by xdg-settings, which # may be of the form e.g. "firefox.desktop". if preferred or (_os_preferred_browser and f'{name}.desktop' == _os_preferred_browser): _tryorder.insert(0, name) else: _tryorder.append(name) def get(using=None): """Return a browser launcher instance appropriate for the environment.""" if _tryorder is None: with _lock: if _tryorder is None: register_standard_browsers() if using is not None: alternatives = [using] else: alternatives = _tryorder for browser in alternatives: if '%s' in browser: # User gave us a command line, split it into name and args browser = shlex.split(browser) if browser[-1] == '&': return BackgroundBrowser(browser[:-1]) else: return GenericBrowser(browser) else: # User gave us a browser name or path. try: command = _browsers[browser.lower()] except KeyError: command = _synthesize(browser) if command[1] is not None: return command[1] elif command[0] is not None: return command[0]() raise Error("could not locate runnable browser") # Please note: the following definition hides a builtin function. # It is recommended one does "import webbrowser" and uses webbrowser.open(url) # instead of "from webbrowser import *". def open(url, new=0, autoraise=True): """Display url using the default browser. If possible, open url in a location determined by new. - 0: the same browser window (the default). - 1: a new browser window. - 2: a new browser page ("tab"). If possible, autoraise raises the window (the default) or not. If opening the browser succeeds, return True. If there is a problem, return False. """ if _tryorder is None: with _lock: if _tryorder is None: register_standard_browsers() for name in _tryorder: browser = get(name) if browser.open(url, new, autoraise): return True return False def open_new(url): """Open url in a new window of the default browser. If not possible, then open url in the only browser window. """ return open(url, 1) def open_new_tab(url): """Open url in a new page ("tab") of the default browser. If not possible, then the behavior becomes equivalent to open_new(). """ return open(url, 2) def _synthesize(browser, *, preferred=False): """Attempt to synthesize a controller based on existing controllers. This is useful to create a controller when a user specifies a path to an entry in the BROWSER environment variable -- we can copy a general controller to operate using a specific installation of the desired browser in this way. If we can't create a controller in this way, or if there is no executable for the requested browser, return [None, None]. """ cmd = browser.split()[0] if not shutil.which(cmd): return [None, None] name = os.path.basename(cmd) try: command = _browsers[name.lower()] except KeyError: return [None, None] # now attempt to clone to fit the new name: controller = command[1] if controller and name.lower() == controller.basename: import copy controller = copy.copy(controller) controller.name = browser controller.basename = os.path.basename(browser) register(browser, None, instance=controller, preferred=preferred) return [None, controller] return [None, None] # General parent classes class BaseBrowser(object): """Parent class for all browsers. Do not use directly.""" args = ['%s'] def __init__(self, name=""): self.name = name self.basename = name def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True): raise NotImplementedError def open_new(self, url): return self.open(url, 1) def open_new_tab(self, url): return self.open(url, 2) @staticmethod def _check_url(url): """Ensures that the URL is safe to pass to subprocesses as a parameter""" if url and url.lstrip().startswith("-"): raise ValueError(f"Invalid URL: {url}") class GenericBrowser(BaseBrowser): """Class for all browsers started with a command and without remote functionality.""" def __init__(self, name): if isinstance(name, str): self.name = name self.args = ["%s"] else: # name should be a list with arguments self.name = name[0] self.args = name[1:] self.basename = os.path.basename(self.name) def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True): sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url) self._check_url(url) cmdline = [self.name] + [arg.replace("%s", url) for arg in self.args] try: if sys.platform[:3] == 'win': p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline) else: p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True) return not p.wait() except OSError: return False class BackgroundBrowser(GenericBrowser): """Class for all browsers which are to be started in the background.""" def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True): cmdline = [self.name] + [arg.replace("%s", url) for arg in self.args] sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url) self._check_url(url) try: if sys.platform[:3] == 'win': p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline) else: p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True, start_new_session=True) return (p.poll() is None) except OSError: return False class UnixBrowser(BaseBrowser): """Parent class for all Unix browsers with remote functionality.""" raise_opts = None background = False redirect_stdout = True # In remote_args, %s will be replaced with the requested URL. %action will # be replaced depending on the value of 'new' passed to open. # remote_action is used for new=0 (open). If newwin is not None, it is # used for new=1 (open_new). If newtab is not None, it is used for # new=3 (open_new_tab). After both substitutions are made, any empty # strings in the transformed remote_args list will be removed. remote_args = ['%action', '%s'] remote_action = None remote_action_newwin = None remote_action_newtab = None def _invoke(self, args, remote, autoraise, url=None): raise_opt = [] if remote and self.raise_opts: # use autoraise argument only for remote invocation autoraise = int(autoraise) opt = self.raise_opts[autoraise] if opt: raise_opt = [opt] cmdline = [self.name] + raise_opt + args if remote or self.background: inout = subprocess.DEVNULL else: # for TTY browsers, we need stdin/out inout = None p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True, stdin=inout, stdout=(self.redirect_stdout and inout or None), stderr=inout, start_new_session=True) if remote: # wait at most five seconds. If the subprocess is not finished, the # remote invocation has (hopefully) started a new instance. try: rc = p.wait(5) # if remote call failed, open() will try direct invocation return not rc except subprocess.TimeoutExpired: return True elif self.background: if p.poll() is None: return True else: return False else: return not p.wait() def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True): sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url) if new == 0: action = self.remote_action elif new == 1: action = self.remote_action_newwin elif new == 2: if self.remote_action_newtab is None: action = self.remote_action_newwin else: action = self.remote_action_newtab else: raise Error("Bad 'new' parameter to open(); " + "expected 0, 1, or 2, got %s" % new) self._check_url(url.replace("%action", action)) args = [arg.replace("%action", action).replace("%s", url) for arg in self.remote_args] args = [arg for arg in args if arg] success = self._invoke(args, True, autoraise, url) if not success: # remote invocation failed, try straight way args = [arg.replace("%s", url) for arg in self.args] return self._invoke(args, False, False) else: return True class Mozilla(UnixBrowser): """Launcher class for Mozilla browsers.""" remote_args = ['%action', '%s'] remote_action = "" remote_action_newwin = "-new-window" remote_action_newtab = "-new-tab" background = True class Epiphany(UnixBrowser): """Launcher class for Epiphany browser.""" raise_opts = ["-noraise", ""] remote_args = ['%action', '%s'] remote_action = "-n" remote_action_newwin = "-w" background = True class Chrome(UnixBrowser): "Launcher class for Google Chrome browser." remote_args = ['%action', '%s'] remote_action = "" remote_action_newwin = "--new-window" remote_action_newtab = "" background = True Chromium = Chrome class Opera(UnixBrowser): "Launcher class for Opera browser." remote_args = ['%action', '%s'] remote_action = "" remote_action_newwin = "--new-window" remote_action_newtab = "" background = True class Elinks(UnixBrowser): "Launcher class for Elinks browsers." remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)'] remote_action = "" remote_action_newwin = ",new-window" remote_action_newtab = ",new-tab" background = False # elinks doesn't like its stdout to be redirected - # it uses redirected stdout as a signal to do -dump redirect_stdout = False class Konqueror(BaseBrowser): """Controller for the KDE File Manager (kfm, or Konqueror). See the output of ``kfmclient --commands`` for more information on the Konqueror remote-control interface. """ def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True): sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url) self._check_url(url) # XXX Currently I know no way to prevent KFM from opening a new win. if new == 2: action = "newTab" else: action = "openURL" devnull = subprocess.DEVNULL try: p = subprocess.Popen(["kfmclient", action, url], close_fds=True, stdin=devnull, stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull) except OSError: # fall through to next variant pass else: p.wait() # kfmclient's return code unfortunately has no meaning as it seems return True try: p = subprocess.Popen(["konqueror", "--silent", url], close_fds=True, stdin=devnull, stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull, start_new_session=True) except OSError: # fall through to next variant pass else: if p.poll() is None: # Should be running now. return True try: p = subprocess.Popen(["kfm", "-d", url], close_fds=True, stdin=devnull, stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull, start_new_session=True) except OSError: return False else: return (p.poll() is None) class Edge(UnixBrowser): "Launcher class for Microsoft Edge browser." remote_args = ['%action', '%s'] remote_action = "" remote_action_newwin = "--new-window" remote_action_newtab = "" background = True # # Platform support for Unix # # These are the right tests because all these Unix browsers require either # a console terminal or an X display to run. def register_X_browsers(): # use xdg-open if around if shutil.which("xdg-open"): register("xdg-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("xdg-open")) # Opens an appropriate browser for the URL scheme according to # freedesktop.org settings (GNOME, KDE, XFCE, etc.) if shutil.which("gio"): register("gio", None, BackgroundBrowser(["gio", "open", "--", "%s"])) # Equivalent of gio open before 2015 if "GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" in os.environ and shutil.which("gvfs-open"): register("gvfs-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("gvfs-open")) # The default KDE browser if "KDE_FULL_SESSION" in os.environ and shutil.which("kfmclient"): register("kfmclient", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfmclient")) # Common symbolic link for the default X11 browser if shutil.which("x-www-browser"): register("x-www-browser", None, BackgroundBrowser("x-www-browser")) # The Mozilla browsers for browser in ("firefox", "iceweasel", "seamonkey", "mozilla-firefox", "mozilla"): if shutil.which(browser): register(browser, None, Mozilla(browser)) # Konqueror/kfm, the KDE browser. if shutil.which("kfm"): register("kfm", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfm")) elif shutil.which("konqueror"): register("konqueror", Konqueror, Konqueror("konqueror")) # Gnome's Epiphany if shutil.which("epiphany"): register("epiphany", None, Epiphany("epiphany")) # Google Chrome/Chromium browsers for browser in ("google-chrome", "chrome", "chromium", "chromium-browser"): if shutil.which(browser): register(browser, None, Chrome(browser)) # Opera, quite popular if shutil.which("opera"): register("opera", None, Opera("opera")) if shutil.which("microsoft-edge"): register("microsoft-edge", None, Edge("microsoft-edge")) def register_standard_browsers(): global _tryorder _tryorder = [] if sys.platform == 'darwin': register("MacOSX", None, MacOSXOSAScript('default')) register("chrome", None, MacOSXOSAScript('chrome')) register("firefox", None, MacOSXOSAScript('firefox')) register("safari", None, MacOSXOSAScript('safari')) # OS X can use below Unix support (but we prefer using the OS X # specific stuff) if sys.platform == "serenityos": # SerenityOS webbrowser, simply called "Browser". register("Browser", None, BackgroundBrowser("Browser")) if sys.platform[:3] == "win": # First try to use the default Windows browser register("windows-default", WindowsDefault) # Detect some common Windows browsers, fallback to Microsoft Edge # location in 64-bit Windows edge64 = os.path.join(os.environ.get("PROGRAMFILES(x86)", "C:\\Program Files (x86)"), "Microsoft\\Edge\\Application\\msedge.exe") # location in 32-bit Windows edge32 = os.path.join(os.environ.get("PROGRAMFILES", "C:\\Program Files"), "Microsoft\\Edge\\Application\\msedge.exe") for browser in ("firefox", "seamonkey", "mozilla", "chrome", "opera", edge64, edge32): if shutil.which(browser): register(browser, None, BackgroundBrowser(browser)) if shutil.which("MicrosoftEdge.exe"): register("microsoft-edge", None, Edge("MicrosoftEdge.exe")) else: # Prefer X browsers if present if os.environ.get("DISPLAY") or os.environ.get("WAYLAND_DISPLAY"): try: cmd = "xdg-settings get default-web-browser".split() raw_result = subprocess.check_output(cmd, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL) result = raw_result.decode().strip() except (FileNotFoundError, subprocess.CalledProcessError, PermissionError, NotADirectoryError) : pass else: global _os_preferred_browser _os_preferred_browser = result register_X_browsers() # Also try console browsers if os.environ.get("TERM"): # Common symbolic link for the default text-based browser if shutil.which("www-browser"): register("www-browser", None, GenericBrowser("www-browser")) # The Links/elinks browsers <http://links.twibright.com/> if shutil.which("links"): register("links", None, GenericBrowser("links")) if shutil.which("elinks"): register("elinks", None, Elinks("elinks")) # The Lynx browser <https://lynx.invisible-island.net/>, <http://lynx.browser.org/> if shutil.which("lynx"): register("lynx", None, GenericBrowser("lynx")) # The w3m browser <http://w3m.sourceforge.net/> if shutil.which("w3m"): register("w3m", None, GenericBrowser("w3m")) # OK, now that we know what the default preference orders for each # platform are, allow user to override them with the BROWSER variable. if "BROWSER" in os.environ: userchoices = os.environ["BROWSER"].split(os.pathsep) userchoices.reverse() # Treat choices in same way as if passed into get() but do register # and prepend to _tryorder for cmdline in userchoices: if cmdline != '': cmd = _synthesize(cmdline, preferred=True) if cmd[1] is None: register(cmdline, None, GenericBrowser(cmdline), preferred=True) # what to do if _tryorder is now empty? # # Platform support for Windows # if sys.platform[:3] == "win": class WindowsDefault(BaseBrowser): def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True): sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url) self._check_url(url) try: os.startfile(url) except OSError: # [Error 22] No application is associated with the specified # file for this operation: '<URL>' return False else: return True # # Platform support for MacOS # if sys.platform == 'darwin': # Adapted from patch submitted to SourceForge by Steven J. Burr class MacOSX(BaseBrowser): """Launcher class for Aqua browsers on Mac OS X Optionally specify a browser name on instantiation. Note that this will not work for Aqua browsers if the user has moved the application package after installation. If no browser is specified, the default browser, as specified in the Internet System Preferences panel, will be used. """ def __init__(self, name): warnings.warn(f'{self.__class__.__name__} is deprecated in 3.11' ' use MacOSXOSAScript instead.', DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2) self.name = name def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True): sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url) assert "'" not in url # hack for local urls if not ':' in url: url = 'file:'+url # new must be 0 or 1 new = int(bool(new)) if self.name == "default": # User called open, open_new or get without a browser parameter script = 'open location "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22') # opens in default browser else: # User called get and chose a browser if self.name == "OmniWeb": toWindow = "" else: # Include toWindow parameter of OpenURL command for browsers # that support it. 0 == new window; -1 == existing toWindow = "toWindow %d" % (new - 1) cmd = 'OpenURL "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22') script = '''tell application "%s" activate %s %s end tell''' % (self.name, cmd, toWindow) # Open pipe to AppleScript through osascript command osapipe = os.popen("osascript", "w") if osapipe is None: return False # Write script to osascript's stdin osapipe.write(script) rc = osapipe.close() return not rc class MacOSXOSAScript(BaseBrowser): def __init__(self, name='default'): super().__init__(name) @property def _name(self): warnings.warn(f'{self.__class__.__name__}._name is deprecated in 3.11' f' use {self.__class__.__name__}.name instead.', DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2) return self.name @_name.setter def _name(self, val): warnings.warn(f'{self.__class__.__name__}._name is deprecated in 3.11' f' use {self.__class__.__name__}.name instead.', DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2) self.name = val def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True): sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url) self._check_url(url) if self.name == 'default': script = 'open location "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22') # opens in default browser else: script = f''' tell application "%s" activate open location "%s" end '''%(self.name, url.replace('"', '%22')) osapipe = os.popen("osascript", "w") if osapipe is None: return False osapipe.write(script) rc = osapipe.close() return not rc def main(): import getopt usage = """Usage: %s [-n | -t | -h] url -n: open new window -t: open new tab -h, --help: show help""" % sys.argv[0] try: opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'ntdh',['help']) except getopt.error as msg: print(msg, file=sys.stderr) print(usage, file=sys.stderr) sys.exit(1) new_win = 0 for o, a in opts: if o == '-n': new_win = 1 elif o == '-t': new_win = 2 elif o == '-h' or o == '--help': print(usage, file=sys.stderr) sys.exit() if len(args) != 1: print(usage, file=sys.stderr) sys.exit(1) url = args[0] open(url, new_win) print("\a") if __name__ == "__main__": main()